Energy Harvesting in Implantable and Wearable Medical Devices for Enduring Precision Healthcare

Modern healthcare is transforming from hospital-centric to individual-centric systems. Emerging implantable and wearable medical (IWM) devices are integral parts of enabling affordable accessible healthcare. Early disease diagnosis preventive measures possible by continuously monitoring clinically significant physiological parameters. However, most IWM battery-operated, requiring replacement, which interrupts the proper functioning these devices. For continuous operation for an extended period time, supplying uninterrupted energy crucial. A sustainable health-compatible supply will ensure high-performance real-time prolong their lifetime. Therefore, harvesting human body ambient environment necessary enduring precision maximizing user comfort. Energy harvesters convert various sources into equivalent electrical form. This paper presents a state-of-the-art comprehensive review techniques focusing on applications. Various approaches, working principles, current state discussed. In addition, advantages limitations different methods analyzed existing challenges prospects improvement outlined. help with understanding technologies development high-efficiency, reliable, robust, battery-free portable